Research progress on muscle spindle morphology / 生理学报

Muscle spindle is the key proprioceptor in skeletal muscles and plays important roles in many physiological activities, such as maintaining posture, regulating movement and controlling speed variation. It has significant clinical relevance and is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of motor functional impairment and metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarized muscle spindle distribution and the mechanism of mechanical signal transmission, and reviewed the research progress on morphological and structural characteristics of muscle spindles.

Value of urine IL-8, NGAL and KIM-1 for the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury in patients with ureteroscopic lithotripsy related urosepsis / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#To investigate the clinical value of urine interleukin-18 (IL-8), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) for the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URL) related urosepsis.@*METHODS@#A retrospective study was carried out in 157 patients with urosepsis after URL. The patients were divided into AKI group and non-AKI group according to the Kidigo guideline and urine IL-8, NGAL and KIM-1 levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at 0, 4, 12, 24 and 48 h after the surgery. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of these three biomarkers for postoperative AKI.@*RESULTS@#The level of urine IL-8, NGAL and KIM-1 in AKI group was significantly higher than that in non-AKI group at 4, 12, 24 and 48 h (p < 0.01). The ROC analysis showed the combined detection of urine IL-8, NGAL and KIM-1 at 12 h had a larger area under curve (AUC) than a single marker (0.997, 95% CI: 0.991-0.998), and the sensitivity and specificity were 98.2% and 96.7%, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the levels of urine NGAL at 4, 12, 24 and 48 h in AKI patients were positively correlated with the levels of urine KIM-1 and IL-18 (p < 0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#AKI could be quickly recognized by the elevated level of urine IL-8, NGAL and KIM-1 in patients with URL-related urosepsis. Combined detection of the three urine biomarkers at 12 h after surgery had a better diagnostic performance, which may be an important reference for the early diagnosis of AKI.

Effect of cotton-moxibustion on chronic eczema and quality of life / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the therapeutic effect between cotton-moxibustion and compound flumetasone ointment, and observe the effect on quality of life in patients with chronic eczema.@*METHODS@#A total of 66 patients with chronic eczema were randomized into an observation group (33 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a control group (33 cases, 2 cases dropped off). In the observation group, cotton-moxibustion was adopted on target skin lesion, once a day, 3 cones a time. In the control group, external application of compound flumetasone ointment was given twice a day. The treatment for 3 weeks was required in the both groups. Before treatment and 1,2,3 weeks into treatment, scores of visual analogue scale (VAS), eczema area and severity index (EASI) and dermatology life quality index (DLQI) were observed, and the recurrence rate was evaluated in the follow-up one month after treatment.@*RESULTS@#Compared before treatment, the VAS scores of 1,2,3 weeks into treatment, the EASI and DLQI scores of 2,3 weeks into treatment were decreased in the both groups (@*CONCLUSION@#Cotton-moxibustion can effectively improve the pruritus symptom, skin lesion and quality of life in the patients with chronic eczema, the therapeutic effect is superior to the external application of compound flumetasone ointment.

Study on the stability of SARS-CoV-2 at different temperatures / 上海预防医学

Objective:To observe the stability of severe acute respiratory syrdrome coronavirus （SARS-CoV-2） in cell cultures at different temperatures so as to provide basic data and scientific basis for the research and control of COVID-19 epidemic. Methods:The Vero E6 cells inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. According to TCID50， SARS-CoV-2 with different dilution （10-1， 10-3， 10-5， 10-6）were stored at 37 °C， 22.5 °C， and 4 °C for one to seven days， and then infectious titer was determined by micro cytopathogenic effect assay， observing cytopathic effect （CPE）， and real-time fluorescence quantitative testing. Results:SARS-CoV-2 was stable under 4 °C. The infectivity of high concentration （10-1 dilution） under 22.5 °C for seven days gradually decreased， while lower concentration completely lost infectivity after one day. The virus lost infectivity when stored at 37 °C for more than one day. Conclusion:SARS-CoV-2 is highly stable at 4 °C， sensitive to heat， and related to virus concentration.

Association between LIPC gene polymorphisms and choroidal neovascularization / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective:To investigate the association between choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and the LIPC gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in a Chinese Han population from Shantou. Methods:A case-control study was designed.Two hundred and twenty-one patients with CNV who visited Shantou International Eye Center from January 2010 to December 2016 were enrolled and served as the CNV group, and 430 healthy volunteers matched in age and gender were enrolled and served as the normal control group.Each of 5 ml fasting peripheral blood of the subjects was extracted, and peripheral blood DNA was extracted after anticoagulation.PCR amplification was conducted on SNP loci of LIPC gene including rs10468017, rs920915 and rs2070895.After purification, genotyping was performed on the above SNP loci using the single base extension (SNaPshot) method.Hardy-weinberg equilibrium (HWE) test was used to determine the genotype frequency of the three SNPs of LIPC gene.The gene frequency and genotype frequency of the 3 loci between the CNV group and normal control group were compared.This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki.Written informed consent was obtained from each subject prior to entering the study cohort.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong (No.11-004). Results:The genotype frequency distribution of rs10468017, rs920915 and rs2070895 of the three SNPs of LIPC gene reached genetic balance in the total samples ( P>0.05). The genotype frequencies of rs10468017 TT genotype, rs920915 CC genotype and rs2070895 AA genotype in CNV group were 3.62%, 5.43% and 12.22%, respectively, while those of normal control group were 2.56%, 5.58% and 14.19%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (all at P>0.05). The minimum allele (T) frequency of rs10468017 was 18.1% and 17.2%, the minimum allele (C) frequency of rs920915 was 21.7% and 23.1%, and the minimum allele (A) frequency of rs2070895 was 33.7% and 38.7% in the CNV group and the normal control group, respectively (all at P>0.05). The odd ratio ( OR) values (95%confidence interval [ CI]) of rs10468017, rs920915 and rs2070895 in the CNV group and the normal control group were 1.06 (0.79-1.44), 0.92 (0.70-1.21) and 0.80 (0.63-1.02), respectively. Conclusions:The results from the present study do not indicate the association of LIPC SNPs (rsl0468017, rs920915 and rs2070895) with CNV in the Shantou Han population.

Drug resistence and NA gene characteristics of influenza virus A/H1N1(pdm09) studied in Shanghai during 2018-2019 / 上海预防医学

Objective A/H1N1(pdm09) viruses were the dominant strains in Shanghai during 2018-2019 influenza surveillance year.This study is to provide a scientific reference for clinical drug use by investigating the susceptibility of A/H1N1(pdm09) viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors(NAIs). Methods Sixty strains of A/H1N1(pdm09) viruses were randomly selected for testing the susceptibility and drug resistance to Oseltamivir and Zanamivir by means of neutaminidase inhibition and neuraminidase (NA) gene sequencing. Results The 60 epidemic strains all proved to be susceptible to Oseltamivir and Zanamivir and the susceptibility was not observed to be decreased or remarkably decreased.In genetic sequencing, NA was not observed to present amino acid mutation at the key sites and auxiliary sites in catalytic activity, which confirmed the results of the phototypic detection of neuraminidase inhibition. Conclusion The subtype influenza viruses A/H1N1(pdm09) circulating in Shanghai during 2018-2019 surveillance year are still sensitive to NAIs, which provides a scientific reference for clinical use of drugs.However, we monitored only a number of strains and think that the work monitoring antiviral susceptibility should be continued with the wide use of the drugs.

Analysis of MYOC gene variants among sporadic patients with primary open-angle glaucoma / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To screen for MYOC gene variants among sporadic patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).@*METHODS@#For 398 patients with POAG, Sanger sequencing was applied to detect potential variants of the MYOC gene.@*RESULTS@#Eight patients (2.0%) were found to harbor variations of the MYOC gene. These included five types of variants, among which c.667C>T (p.Pro223Ser) and c.1138G>T (p.Asp380Tyr) were novel. c.382C>T (p.Arg128Trp), c.1109C>T(p.Pro370Leu) and c.1130C>A (p.Thr377Lys) were previously associated with POAG. Alignment of amino acid sequences of MYOC proteins of various species revealed that the two novel variants have occurred at highly conserved positions. c.1138G>T was predicted to be possible pathogenic by Bioinformatic analysis.@*CONCLUSION@#Two novel variants of the MYOC gene were detected among sporadic POAG patients, which enriched its variant spectrum.

Effectiveness of domestic recombinant follicle stimulating hormone in the course of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation using long protocol in patients with different ovarian reserve function / 中国实用妇科与产科杂志

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of domestic recombinant follicle stimulating hormone(rFSH)in the course of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation using long protocol in patients with different ovarian reserve functions.METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was made on 1284 patients who were treated with in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection-embryo transfer with standard long protocol for ovulation induction from January 2016 to January 2018 in Reproductive Medicine Center,Yuhuangding Hospital of Yantai. According to their AMH level,they were divided into normal ovarian reserve group(AMH:1.2-4.5μg/L,678 patients)and high response group(AMH>4.5μg/L,606 patients).Each group was divided into domestic rFSH subgroup(Jinsaiheng)(340 patients in normal ovarian reserve group,330 patients in high response group)and imported rFSH subgroup(338 patients in normal ovarian reserve group,276 patients in high response group)according to the different use of gonadotrophin on the start-up day.The clinical and laboratory indexes of the two subgroups were compared under different ovarian reserve functions.RESULTS: Regardless of normal or high ovarian reserve function,there was no significant difference in Gn dosage[(1983.15±510.00)U vs.(1913.32±422.12)U,P=0.053;(1816.86±506.37)U vs.(1786.63±453.90)U,P=0.44],days of Gn[(8.96±1.33)days vs.(8.87±1.24)days,P=0.36;(9.45±1.51)days vs.(9.44±1.47)days,P=0.91],dosage of Hermetic[(144.20±67.39)U vs.(143.42±56.73)U,P=0.86;(149.52±62.38)U vs.(160.21±84.87)U,P=0.09],number of eggs obtained(8.14±3.57 vs.8.44±3.37,P=0.25;11.47±4.74 vs.11.66±4.49,P=0.62),MⅡoocyte rate(82.08% vs. 82.01%,P=0.96;82.78% vs. 82.94%,P=0.90),fertilization rate(82.17% vs. 80.98%,P=0.30;80.75% vs. 82.16%,P=0.33),cleavage rate(94.55% vs. 93.91%,P=0.52;94.12% vs. 94.84%,P=0.49),blastocyst formation rate(58.43% vs. 59.55%,P=0.69;61.14% vs. 63.09%,P=0.46),clinical pregnancy rate(59.49% vs. 56.54%,P=0.54;62.84% vs.58.70%,P=0.57),early abortion rate(7.36% vs. 6.80%,P=0.42;11.30% vs. 11.11%,P=0.93)or the incidence of moderate to severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome(OHSS)(3.53% vs. 4.73%,P=0.71;7.58% vs. 9.06%,P=0.53)between the two subgroups.However,the daily LH level of HCG in domestic rFSH group was significantly higher than that in imported rFSH group[(2.83±1.31)U/L vs.(2.49±1.14)U/L,P=0.007;(2.35±1.10)U/L vs.(2.11±0.94)U/L,P=0.005].In the normal ovarian reserve group,the daily E2 concentration of HCG and the number of follicles above 1.6 cm in the domestic rFSH group were lower,but the rate of good quality embryos was significantly higher(67.23% vs. 62.51%,P=0.038),the difference being statistically significant(P=0.038).CONCLUSION: Domestic rFSH has the same clinical pregnancy outcome as imported rFSH after ovulation induction,but domestic rFSH has higher LH concentration on hCG day after ovulation induction,and patients with normal ovarian reserve have higher good quality embyro rate after using domestic rFSH.

Neoblast-enriched zinc finger protein FIR1 triggers local proliferation during planarian regeneration

Regeneration, relying mainly on resident adult stem cells, is widespread. However, the mechanism by which stem cells initiate proliferation during this process in vivo is unclear. Using planarian as a model, we screened 46 transcripts showing potential function in the regulation of local stem cell proliferation following 48 h regeneration. By analyzing the regeneration defects and the mitotic activity of animals under administration of RNA interference (RNAi), we identified factor for initiating regeneration 1 (Fir1) required for local proliferation. Our findings reveal that Fir1, enriched in neoblasts, promotes planarian regeneration in any tissue-missing context. Further, we demonstrate that DIS3 like 3'-5' exoribonuclease 2 (Dis3l2) is required for Fir1 phenotype. Besides, RNAi knockdown of Fir1 causes a decrease of neoblast wound response genes following amputation. These findings suggest that Fir1 recognizes regenerative signals and promotes DIS3L2 proteins to trigger neoblast proliferation following amputation and provide a mechanism critical for stem cell response to injury.

Response of volatiles of Artemisiae Argyi Folium to climatic factors / 中国中药杂志

Combined headspace solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), this paper studied the volatiles of Artemisiae Argyi Folium that respectively collected from Kongdong, Huanglong, Ankang, Qichun and Tongbai，and then explored the influence of climatic factors on the main components of the volatiles. The results showed that 54, 52, 57, 47 and 55 compounds were respectively identified from the leaves from five regions, mainly consist of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenoids and their oxygen-containing derivatives, a few aldehydes, alkanes and benzenes. It is different that the volatiles of Artemisiae Argyi Folium that collected in different habitats, neither composition nor content. There are total 18 kinds of compounds that exist in all five leaves. Eucalyptol, camphor, terpinen-4-ol, eugenol and caryophyllene could be considered to be the main conponents because of their efficacy or toxicity and relatively high content. Grey correlation analysis shows that the annual lowest temperature and annual sunshine duration have a great influence on the content of eucalyptol and camphor; the effect of annual precipitation and annual accumulated temperature on the content of terpinen-4-ol and caryophyllene was relatively significant; while the annual sunshine duration and the annual highest temperature are the main influencing factors for eugenol. The research suggests that long-day and extreme temperature may be more conductive to the accumulation of volatiles. According to the laws of effect of climatic factors on volatiles, we can optimize the cultivation conditions and select suitable locality to improve the quality of Artemisiae Argyi Folium.

Discrimination of Microbe Species by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy / 分析化学

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy ( LIBS ) was proposed to rapidly discriminate microbe species. Ten species of microbes were prepared in lab. Filter papers were selected as substrate for enriching bacteria and enhancing the quality of LIBS. The images of plasma were collected by ICCD camera and LIBS spectra were obtained by spectrometers. The results displayed that the images and spectra were different from 10 bacteria. It was demonstrated that this method was feasible to discriminate bacteria species by analyzing image and/or spectroscopy. Furthermore, nine smooth and multiple scattering correction ( MSC) were utilized to preprocess the LIBS full-spectrum data in the wavelength range of 200-420 nm and 560-680 nm. And principal component analysis ( PCA) and PCA-RF ( Random forest) were compared to validate the accuracy of discrimination. The investigation showed that the PCA-RF model coupled with suitable methods in preprocessing data could identify bacteria. The accuracy was 99. 6% for ten species of microbes by evaluating LIBS spectra in training set, and 96. 7% in predicting set. This report indicated that it is feasible to differentiate bacteria species by analyzing LIBS spectra.

The effect of time delay on tumor-immune system in tumor growth / 医用生物力学

Objective To study the effect of time delay on tumor-immune system in tumor growth through theoretical approaches. Methods A mathematical model of the tumor-immune system interactions was established, and a time delay in the logistic growth term was introduced to investigate the processes of the interaction between immune system and tumor cells through qualitative analysis and numerical simulations. The relationship between the states of tumor and time delay was analyzed and the results were compared with the stages of the cancer immunoediting. Results Qualitative analysis and numerical simulations indicated that the tumor-immune system was a stable equilibrium state if the time delay was small. With the time delay increasing, the tumor-immune system entered equilibrium and escape stages of the cancer immunoediting, which described the alteration from dormant state to malignant state. Conclusions The time delay plays a key role in the interaction between immune system and tumor cells. The different time delays can result in different behaviors of tumor. The results will help to deepen clinical understanding of the tumor-immune system and provide references for the analysis and treatment of tumor.

Biliary manometry in patients with common bile duct stones and juxtapapilary duodenal diverticulum / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective To explore the impact of juxtapapilary duodenal diverticulum on the formation of choledocholithiasis and biliary manometry after surgery.Methods The clinical data of 97 patients with common bile duct stones who successfully underwent ERCP and biliary manometry treatment from May 2011 to March 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.Ninty-seven common bile duct stone patients were divided to two groups,that is,52 cases of juxta-papilary duodenal diverticulum (experimental group) and 45 cases without juxta-papilary duodenal diverticulum (control group).The biliary manometric results before and after EST of both groups were compared.Results The basal pressure of sphincter Oddi of the experimental group before EST [(84.8 ± 26.1) mmHg] was higher than that of the control group before EST [(75.5 ± 14.6) mmHg] (P ＜ 0.05,1 mmHg =0.133 kPa);and that after EST was also higher than that of the control group after the operation[(19.8 ± 14.2)mmHg VS (15.9 ± 9.8)mmHg,P ＜ 0.05].The biliary pressure of common bile duct stone patients with JPD was higher than those without JPD before and after EST but with no significant difference(P ＞ 0.05).The biliary manometry was performed in 81 patients after one month and it was found that the basal pressure of sphincter Oddi of experimental group was still higher than that of the control group [(34.8 ± 17.1) mmHg VS (29.6 ± 15.3)mmHg,P ＜ 0.05].The biliary pressure of common bile of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group [(19.9 ± 11.2) mmHg VS (17.1 ± 13.1)mmHg,P ＜0.05].Conclusion The existence of juxtapapilary duodenal diverticulum increases the pressure of common bile duct and Oddi sphincter and leads to CBD stones.

Effect of PDGF-Rb antagonist imatinib on endometrial injury repairing in mouse model

OBJECTIVE@#To study the effects of PDGF-Rb antagonists imatinib on endometrial injury repairing in the mouse model.@*METHODS@#The cultured MSCs cells from male mice were marked with BrdU in vitro, and then transplanted to the female mice which suffered from radiation injury through tail vein, PDGF-Rb antagonists imatinib was injected through abdominal cavity. Four groups were arranged, which were radiation transplantation group, normal control group, imatinib intervention group and radiation control group. BrdU incorporation, SRY expression and MVD status were detected in uterus of mice.@*RESULTS@#SRY gene was negative expressed in normal control group and radiation control group. SRY gene presented positive in radiation transplantation group and imatinib intervention group; BrdU incorporation showed negative in radiation control group and normal control group which died in the early stage in mice; the incorporation of BrdU was higher in radiation transplantation group compared with imatinib intervention group; CD34 was positive on the uterus of all the four groups, which showed highest in radiation control group and lowest in radiation control group; The MVD in imatinib intervention group was lower than radiation control group; the difference of MVD was significantly compared with normal control group (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#PDGF-Rb antagonists imatinib could inhibit the repairing function of MSCs in the endometrial lesions in mice.

Clinical application of operative hysteroscopy in treatment of complex hydrosalpinx to IVF

Background: In vitro ferti1izati.m and embryo transfer [IVF-ET] is the best option for patients with hydrosalpinx. However, if hydrosalpinges is not pre-treated, the therapeutic outcomes of IVF-ET would be compromised. Objective: This study aims to investigate the safety and effects of' operative hysteroscopy in the treatment of patients with hydrosalpinx prior to IVF-ET, who were not indicated for laparotcny due to extensive pelvic adhesion. Materials and Methods: The study analyses retrospectively data from 10 women with hydrosalpinx, who were unable to undergo laparotolny due to extensive pelvic adhesion and treated by operative hysteroscopy prior to IVF-ET, and was assessed the effects and safety of the procedure.Results: Postoperative FIystero-salpingoraphy demonstrated complete tubal occlusion of the diseased side in all cases. Being applied with IVF-ET for fertility after their hysteroscopy operation, 5 out of 10 patients acquired clinical pregnancy. Conclusion: Hysteroscopic tuba1 occlusion of the proximal pm of the hydrosalpinx can effectively prevent the hydrops backflow to endometrial cavity and benefit subsequent implantation in the course of assisted reproduction without significant complicntious

Association between LOXL1 gene polymorphisms and primary open angle glaucoma in Sichuan population / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate association between the lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in Sichuan population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this study,416 subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma and 997 normal controls were recruited.Three reported LOXL1 tag SNPs (rs1048661,rs3825942 and rs2165241) were genotyped by SNaPshot method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The study showed that the genotypes of LOXL1 rs1048661,rs3825942 and rs2165241 between POAG and control groups were not statistically significant (OR=1.085, 95%CI 0.92-1.28, P=0.578 for rs1048661; OR=1.059, 95%CI 0.82-1.37, P=0.846 for rs3825942; OR=1.006, 95%CI 0.77-1.32, P=0.966 for rs2165241, respectively). There were no significant difference in allele frequency distribution of LOXL1 rs1048661、rs3825942 and rs2165241 between POAG and normal controls (P=0.322, P=0.660, P=0.965).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results from the present study do not indicate the association of LOXL1 SNPs (rs1048661, rs3825942 and rs2165241) with POAG in Sichuan population.</p>

Effect of PDGF-Rb antagonist imatinib on endometrial injury repairing in mouse model

Objective: To study the effects of PDGF-Rb antagonists imatinib on endometrial injury repairing in the mouse model. Methods: The cultured MSCs cells from male mice were marked with BrdU in vitro, and then transplanted to the female mice which suffered from radiation injury through tail vein, PDGF-Rb antagonists imatinib was injected through abdominal cavity. Four groups were arranged, which were radiation transplantation group, normal control group, imatinib intervention group and radiation control group. BrdU incorporation, SRY expression and MVD status were detected in uterus of mice. Results: SRY gene was negative expressed in normal control group and radiation control group. SRY gene presented positive in radiation transplantation group and imatinib intervention group; BrdU incorporation showed negative in radiation control group and normal control group which died in the early stage in mice; the incorporation of BrdU was higher in radiation transplantation group compared with imatinib intervention group; CD34 was positive on the uterus of all the four groups, which showed highest in radiation control group and lowest in radiation control group; The MVD in imatinib intervention group was lower than radiation control group; the difference of MVD was significantly compared with normal control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: PDGF-Rb antagonists imatinib could inhibit the repairing function of MSCs in the endometrial lesions in mice.

One case of pleomorphic adenoma originates from inferior nasal turbinate / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common benign tumor of the salivary glands. Originating from the nasal cavity is very rare. This paper reports one case of pleomorphic adenoma of the inferior nasal turbinate to analyze the clinic characteristic of this disease. Although these tumors are rarely seen in everyday practice, one should consider this possibility as an uncommon aetiology when confronted with an intranasal mass.

Establishment of mice breast cancer model in BALB/c mice with 4T1 cells / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To establish a model of mice breast cancer of 4T1 cells in BALB/c mice and choose the best model making method.Methods:Ninety mice were divided into three groups randomly ,with 30 in each group injected by 4T1 cells suspension of 1×106 ml-1 ,1×107 ml-1 ,1×108 ml-1 respectively.Each group of mice were randomly divided into two groups which were inoculated on the chest wall and lateral abdominal wall respectively.Tumor formation time ,tumor growth rate and the 8 week survival rate in each group were compared ,and pathological character was observed by C-erbB-2 immunohistochemistry staining.Results:Tumor growth rate in cells suspension of 1×107 ml-1 was high and grow steadily.Tumor growth rate wasn′t correlative with 4T1 cells injection in different parts.The result of C-erbB-2 immunohistochemistry staining was positive.Conclusion: Injection of 4T1 cells suspension with 1 ×107 ml-1 is the best way to male tumor model in three suspension.

Analysis of COL9A2 gene mutations in a Chinese Han population with pathological myopia / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the mutation of COL9A2 gene and investigate the molecular pathogenesis of pathological myopia in a Han Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Mutation in the coding region of the COL9A2 gene was screened by Sanger sequencing in 200 subjects with pathological myopia and 200 normal controls. The detected variants were genotyped by SNaPshot method in another 200 myopic cases and 200 normal controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Sanger sequencing has failed to detect the reported D281fs frameshift mutation in the 200 cases. A novel variant, c.143G>C heterozygous missense mutation in exon 2, was identified in a myopic subject, and another novel variant, c.884G>A heterozygous missense mutation in exon 17, was found in another case. Neither was found in normal controls. One SNP (rs2228564) was detected in the coding region of the COL9A2 gene, but there was no significant difference in its allelic frequencies between the two groups (P> 0.05). Genotyping of the remainder 200 cases and 200 controls by SNaPshot method has found a c.143G>C in 1 case and c.884G>A in 2 cases, though no significant difference between the two groups was detected (P> 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The D281fs frameshift mutation in the COL9A2 gene is not associated with pathological myopia in the studied Han Chinese population. Two novel mutations, c.143G>C in exon 2 and c.884G>A in exon 17 of the COL9A2 gene, may contribute to the development of pathological myopia.</p>